✅ Intro to web application testing

HTTP Protocol

Proxy request:

CONNECT www.example.com:443 HTTP/1.1

Proxy request with authentication:

CONNECT server.example.com:80 HTTP/1.1 
Host: server.example.com:80 
Proxy-Authorization: basic aGVsbG86d29ybGQ=

Check open proxy request:

echo -ne "CONNECT http://$DOMAIN HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: $DOMAIN\r\n\r\n" | nc $IP 8080

Fuzzing websites and HTTP protocol

wfuzz: Web application fuzzer. Wfuzz has been created to facilitate the task in web applications assessments and it is based on a simple concept: it replaces any reference to the FUZZ keyword by the value of a given payload.

https://github.com/xmendez/wfuzz

pip install wfuzz

wfuzz -w wordlist/general/common.txt --hc 404 http://$DOMAIN/FUZZ

wfpayload -z range,0-10

wfencode -e md5 test

Fuzz HTTP methods:

wfuzz -z list,GET-HEAD-POST-TRACE-OPTIONS -X FUZZ http://$DOMAIN/

Through a proxy:

wfuzz -z file,wordlist/general/common.txt -p localhost:8080 http://$DOMAIN/FUZZ

More tools using a proxy: https://pentestwiki.org/webpentest-through-socks-proxy/

Brute-force usernames in WordPress:

wfuzz -c -z file,fsoc.dic — hs Invalid -d “log=FUZZ&pwd=aaaaa” http://$DOMAIN/wp-login.php

References:

• https://wfuzz.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
• https://securitybytes.io/wfuzz-using-the-web-brute-forcer-1bf8890db2f

JWT

JWT types:

• JWS (Signature)
• JWE (Encryption)

Debugging payloads:

• https://jwt.io/ Auth0 JSON Web Tokens (JWT) debugger (encoder/decoder)
• Unsecure JWS: Check if alg:none

SAML

• https://www.samltool.com/online_tools.php OneLogin SAML debugging

MIME types

A media type (also known as a Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME type) is a standard that indicates the nature and format of a document, file, or assortment of bytes. It is defined and standardized in IETF’s RFC 6838.

Most common MIME types:

• text/plain
• text/html
• text/css
• text/javascript
• application/octet-stream
• image/png
• image/webp
• multipart/form-data

Interesting MIME types:

• application/dime: Direct Internet Message Encapsulation: Sending binary data with SOAP messages
• application/x-thrift or application/vnd.apache.thrift.binary: Used to serialize binary data being sent to an API
• application/x-protobuf: Used to serialize binary data being sent to an API
• application/wasm: WebAssembly streaming compilation

More on MIME types here: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types